参考读物

以下所列的书目是 本课程的基础知识，包括有关的期刊文章摘要。 这些摘要来自网络数据库 PubMed (一个专门提供生物医学文献摘要的数据库)。

按研究课题分类

可学性
Readings: Lightfoot, chapters 1 and 2. Atkinson, chapter 1.

输入
Readings: Newport, Gleitman, Gleitman (1979), Wexler and Culicover (1980), pp. 60-78.

原则和参数; X-阶标理论，题元角色短语结构
Readings: Cowper (1992), chapters 1-4.

原则和参数（续）：动词移位
Readings: Cowper (1992), chapters 1-4. Also, sections 8.3-8.4 (pp. 132-139).

早期儿童语言中的短语结构，动词移位和屈曲变化
Readings: Wexler (1994).

早期习得中的动词后置现象
Readings: Poeppel and Wexler (1993).

句法和习得中的格与一致
Readings: Cowper, chapter 6, Babyonyshev.

二语习得导论及与母语习得的差别
Readings: White (1989, chapter 2) and Prevost and White (1999).

习得中的格，一致和形态以及可选不定式阶段假设
Readings: Schütze and Wexler (1996).

空主语和参数设定
Readings: Cowper, chapter 10, Concentrating On 10.9, Hyams (1987).

儿童英语习得中的空主语：一个语法现象么？
Readings: Bloom (1991), Hyams and Wexler (1993).

空主语和可选不定式阶段
Readings: Bromberg and Wexler (1995), Phillips (1995).

特定语言损伤
Readings: Rice and Wexler.

约束理论，句法和参数，子集原则和习得
Readings: Cowper (1992), chapter 10; Wexler and Manzini (1987).

约束理论：反身代词和代词习得
Readings: Chien and Wexler (1990).

二语习得以及与一语成熟的关系，关键期假设
Readings: Haznedar and Schwartz (1997), Borer and Wexler (1987), first section on concept of maturation, Johnson and Newport (1989).
 
约束理论，习得，限定词与指称理论中的争议
Readings: Grimshaw and Rosen (1990); Karmiloff-Smith.

参数设定理论
Readings: Gibson and Wexler (1995).

句法和语言习得中的主目语语链--被动结构
Readings: Cowper (1992), chapters 5 and 8; Borer and Wexler (1987).

语言习得中的主目语语链：俄语中的无宾格动词
Readings: Babyonyshev et al. (2001).

Atkinson, Martin. Children's Syntax: An Introduction to Principles and Parameters Theory. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1992, chapter 1.

Babyonyshev, Maria. "Acquisition of the Russian Case System." In Papers on case & agreement 11, MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 19. Edited by C. Phillips. 1993, pp. 1-43.

Babyonyshev, Maria et al. (Ross.) The Maturation of Grammatical Principles: Evidence from Russian Unaccusatives.

Bloom, Paul. "Subjectless Sentences in Child Language." Linguistic Inquiry 21, no. 4 (1990): 491-504.

Borer, Hagit, and Kenneth Wexler. "The Maturation of Syntax." In Parameter Setting. Edited by Roeper and Williams. 1987, pp. 123-172.

Bromberg, Hilary Sara, and Kenneth Wexler. "Null Subjects in Child Wh-Questions." MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 26. 1995, pp. 221-247.

Chien, Yu-Chin, and Kenneth Wexler. "Children's Knowledge of Locality Conditions in Binding as Evidence for the Modularity of Syntax and Pragmatics." Language Acquisition 1(3) (1990): 225-295.

Cowper, Elizabeth A. A Concise Introduction to Syntactic Theory: The Government-Binding Approach. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press, 1992, chapter 1-6, 8, 10.

Gibson, Edward, and Kenneth Wexler. "Triggers." Linguistic Inquiry 25, no. 3 (1994): 407-454.

Gleitman, Lila. "The Structural Sources of Verb Meanings." Language Acquisition 1(1) (1990): 3-55.

Grimshaw, Jan, and Sara Thomas Rosen. "Knowledge and Obedience: The Developmental Status of the Binding Theory." Linguistic Inquiry 21, no. 2 (1990): 187-222.

Haznedar, Belma and Bonnie D. Schwartz. "Are there Optional Infinitives in child L2 acquisition?" BUCLD 2 Proceedings 1 (1997): 257-268.

Hyarns, Nina. "The Theory of Parameter and Syntactic Development." In Parameter Setting. Edited by Roeper and Williams. 1987, pp. 1-22.

Hyams, Nina, and Ken Wexler. "On the Grammatical Basis of Null Subjects in Child Language." Linguistic Inquiry 24, no. 3 (1993): 421-459.

Johnson, Jacqueline S., and Elissa L. Newport. "Critical Period Effects in Second Language Learning: The Influence of Maturational State on the Acquisition of English as a Second Language." Cognitive Psychology 21 (1989): 60-99.

PubMed 摘要：  Lenneberg (1967) 提出假设认为语言只能在某个关键期习得，即从婴儿到青春期。 关键期假说的基本内容只是针对母语习得提出的， 然而，要把握其本质，我们还需要检验第二语言习得中是否存在关键期。 如果存在， 那就说明儿童比成人更善于学习第二语言，并且更容易达到较高水平。 作者通过比较46位朝鲜和中国人的英语水平来研究这个问题，试验之前他们都在美国生活过3到26年，试验采用了语法判断法，测试了多种英语语法结构。试验结果显示，对于青春期之前到美国的人， 他们的测试成绩与到达美国的年龄直接相关；对于青春期以后到了美国的人， 测试成绩较低，变化较大，似乎与到达美国的年龄没有关系。 研究结果表明年龄因素并不是由接触时间，动机，自我意识，美国身份认同等因素偶然促成的，年龄因素在每一个测试项目上都有体现，只是习得的水平有较大的差别。这项研究的结果表明关键期理论也适用于第二语言习得。

Karmiloff-Smith, Annette. "The Grammatical Marking of Thematic Structure in the Development of Language Production." In The Child's Construction of Language. Edited by W. Deutsch. London: Academic Press, 1981, pp. 121-147.

Lightfoot, David. The Language Lottery: Toward a Biology of Grammars. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982, chapters 1 and 2.

Newport, Elissa L., Henry Gleitman, and Lila A. Gleitman. "Mother, I'd rather do it myself: some effects and non-effects of maternal speech style." In Talking to Children: Language input and acquisition. Edited by Snow and Ferguson. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 109-149.

Phillips, Colin. "Syntax at Age Two: Cross-Linguistic Differences." MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 26, pp. 325-382.

Poeppel, David, and Kenneth Wexler. "The Full Competence Hypothesis of Clause Structure in Early German." Language 69, no. 1 (1993): 1-33.

Rice, Mabel L., and  Kenneth Wexler. "Toward Tense as a Clinical Marker of Specific Language Impairment in English-Speaking Children." Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 38 (1996): 1239-1257.

PubMed 摘要：  重要的实验问题是发现实验标志，比如，语言损伤儿童的特点。 本文中我们研究一组标志时态的语素。比如在英语里表示第三人称单数的-s， 表示过去的ed，还有BE以及Do. 按照Rice, Wexler及Cleave(1995)的广义可选不定式理论(EOI), 这类语素可能有选择地出现在语言损伤儿童的语言中，而且出现的比例会相应地明显低于正常儿童。本实验选取三组学龄前儿童， 37名语言损伤儿童，两个对比组包括40人的MLU对等组和45人的年龄对等组。三组结果表明时态标志语素可以成为实验标志：(a) 语言损伤组儿童的对象语素正确率低于两个对照组; (b) 标志时态的语素有组间差异，而不标志时态的语素无差别; (c)时态标志语素的双模态分布，正常儿童掌握了成人语法的内容，语言损伤的儿童表现则较差。 实验中经常观察到表面省略现象。 主-谓一致，句法结构误用等很少见，处于广义可选不定式的儿童能够表现出时态标志等知识，同时也拥有成人语法中的有限性与一致性等知识。本文从语言损伤儿童语法局限性和对于治疗的启示等方面讨论了研究发现。

Schutze, Carson, and Kenneth Wexler. "Subject Case Licensing and English Root Infinitives." BUCLD 20 Proceedings. (1996): 670-681.

Wexler, Kenneth. "Optional infinitives, head movement and the economy of derivations." In Verb Movement. Edited by Lightfoot and Hornstein. Cambridge: University Press, 1993, pp. 305-350.

Wexler, Kenneth, and Peter W. Culicover. Formal Principles of Language Acquisition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980.

Wexler, Kenneth, and M. Rita Manzini. "Parameters and Learnability in Binding Theory." In Parameter Setting. Edited by Roeper and Williams. 1987, pp. 41-76.