| 1-2 |
课程介绍 |
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应阅读的参考读物
Ullman, S. High-level Vision. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, chapters 1 and 2. ISBN: 0262710072.
Riesenhuber, M., and T. Poggio. "Models of object recognition." Nature Neuroscience 3 Suppl (2000): 1199-1204.
Grill-Spector, K., and R. Malach. "The human visual cortex." Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004): 649-677.
Orban, G. A., D. Van Essen, and W. Vanduffel. "Comparative mapping of higher visual areas in monkeys and humans." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8, no. 7 (2004): 315-324.
Logothetis, N. K., and D. L. Sheinberg. "Visual object recognition." Annual Review of Neuroscience 19 (1996): 577-621.
Parker, A. J., and W. T. Newsome. "Sense and the single neuron: probing the physiology of perception." Annual Review of Neuroscience 21 (1998): 227-277.
Fujita, I. "The inferior temporal cortex: architecture, computation, and representation." Journal of Neurocytology 31 (2002): 359-371.
补充参考书目
神经科学背景知识较少的同学应当阅关于腹侧视觉束解剖和生理的教科书:
Kandel, and Schwartz. Principles of Neural Science. 4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division, c2000, chapters 25, 27, 28. ISBN: 0838577016.
更多腹侧束背景材料:
Chalupa, and Werner. The Visual Neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, November 2003, chapter 78. ISBN: 0262033089. (E. Rolls)
Tanaka, K. "Mechanisms of visual object recognition: monkey and human studies." Curr Opin Neurobiol 7 (1997): 523-529.
识别中的算法问题:
Sinha, P. "Recognizing complex patterns." Nature Neuroscience 5 Suppl (2002): 1093-1097.
fMRI与动作电位的关系:
Logothetis, N. K., and B. A. Wandell. "Interpreting the BOLD signal." Annual Reviews of Physiology 66 (2004): 735-769.
Logothetis, N. K., J. Pauls, M. Augath, T. Trinath, and A. Oeltermann. "Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal." Nature 412 (2001): 150-157.
猴子与人类的比较:
Brewer, A. A., W. A. Press, N. K. Logothetis, and B. A. Wandell. "Visual areas in macaque cortex measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging." Journal of Neuroscience 22 (2002): 10416-10426.
科学史:
Gross, C. G. "How inferior temporal cortex became a visual area." Cereb Cortex 4 (1994): 455-469. |
| 3 |
神经元的客体表征：空间编码 |
1) 客体的神经编码是稀疏的还是分布于整个大脑皮层?
2) 大脑皮层的客体表征的生理/空间定位如何?
3) 不同的客体分类对以上两个问题的回答有所不同吗?
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应阅读的参考读物
Barlow, H. "The neuron doctrine in perception." In The Cognitive Neurosciences. Edited by M. Gazzaniga. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, pp. 415-435. ISBN: 0262071576.
Tanaka, K. "Columns for complex visual object features in the inferotemporal cortex: clustering of cells with similar but slightly different stimulus selectivities." Cereb Cortex 13 (2003): 90-99.
Tsao, D. Y., W. A. Freiwald, T. A. Knutsen, J. B. Mandeville, and R. B. Tootell. "Faces and objects in macaque cerebral cortex." Nature Neuroscience 6, no. 9 (2003): 989-995.
补充参考读物 (应阅读至少两篇将要展示的论文，这些论文题目前用星号*标示)
稀疏式表征和分散式表征:
*Olshausen, B. A., and D. J. Field. "Sparse coding of sensory inputs." Curr Opin Neurobiol 14 (2004): 481-487.
Simoncelli, E. P. "Vision and the statistics of the visual environment." Curr Opin Neurobiol 13 (2003): 144-149.
Olshausen, B. A., and D. J. Field. "Emergence of simple-cell receptive field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images." Nature 381 (1996): 607-609. (See comments.)
Peters, R. J., F. Gabbiani, and C. Koch. "Human visual object categorization can be described by models with low memory capacity." Vision Research 43 (2003): 2265-2280.
Okada, M. "Notions of Associative Memory and Sparse Coding." Neural Netw 9 (1996): 1429-1458.
生理学:
*Rolls, E. T, and M. J. Tovee. "Sparseness of the neuronal representation of stimuli in the primate temporal visual cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 73 (1995): 713-726.
*Tsunoda, K., Y. Yamane, M. Nishizaki, and M. Tanifuji. "Complex objects are represented in macaque inferotemporal cortex by the combination of feature columns." Nature Neuroscience 4 (2001): 832-838.
Baddeley, R., L. F. Abbott, M. C. Booth, F. Sengpiel, T. Freeman, E. A. Wakeman, and E. T. Rolls. "Responses of neurons in primary and inferior temporal visual cortices to natural scenes." Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 264 (1997): 1775-1783.
Young, M. P., and S. Yamane. "Sparse population coding of faces in the inferotemporal cortex." Science 256 (1992): 1327-1331.
Vinje, W. E., and J. L. Gallant. "Sparse coding and decorrelation in primary visual cortex during natural vision." Science 287 (2000): 1273-1276.
Weliky, M., J. Fiser, R. H. Hunt, and D. N. Wagner. "Coding of natural scenes in primary visual cortex." Neuron 37 (2003): 703-718.
功能性磁共振成像fMRI:
Haxby, J. V., M. I. Gobbini, M. L. Furey, A. Ishai, J. L. Schouten, and P. Pietrini. "Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex." Science 293 (2001): 2425.
*Carlson, T. A., P. Schrater, and S. He. "Patterns of activity in the categorical representations of objects." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15, no. 5 (2003): 704-717.
Spiridon, M., and N. Kanwisher. "How distributed is visual category information in human occipito-temporal cortex? An fMRI study." Neuron 35, no. 6 (2002): 1157-1165.
Cox, D. D., and R. L. Savoy. "Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) "brain reading": detecting and classifying distributed patterns of fMRI activity in human visual cortex." Neuroimage 19 (2003): 261-270.
Levy, I., U. Hasson, and R. Malach. "One picture is worth at least a million neurons." Curr Biol 14, no. 11 (2004): 996-1001.
空间局部化表征及空间局部化地图:
Kanwisher, N. Chalupa, and Werner. The Visual Neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, November 2003, chapter 79. ISBN: 0262033089.
Kohonen, T., and R. Hari. "Where the abstract feature maps of the brain might come from." Trends in Neurosciences 22 (1999): 135-139.
Kohonen, T. "Cortical maps." Nature 346, no. 24 (1990).
Gawne, T. J., T. W. Kjaer, J. A. Hertz, and B. J. Richmond. "Adjacent visual cortical complex cells share about 20% of their stimulus-related information." Cereb Cortex 6 (1996): 482-489. |
| 4 |
神经元的客体表征：听觉编码 |
1) 什么是神经元表征的潜伏期（时滞）？
2) 每秒钟可以传递多少客体（处理能力）?
3) 神经元表征客体的时间跨度是多少?
来自行为、生理和fMRI的实验证据。
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应阅读的参考书目
Nowak, L. G., and J. Bullier. "The timing of information transfer in the visual system." In Cerebral Cortex: Extrastriate Cortex in Primate. Edited by K. Rockland, J. Kaas, and A. Peters. New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1997.
Rousselet, G. A., S. J. Thorpe, and M. Fabre-Thorpe. "How parallel is visual processing in the ventral pathway?" Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8, no. 8 (2004): 363-370.
补充参考读物 (应阅读至少两篇将要展示的论文，这些论文题目前用星号*标示)
行为学/脑电图:
*VanRullen, R., and S. J. Thorpe. "The time course of visual processing: from early perception to decision-making." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 4 (2001): 454-461.
生理学: 潜伏期与颞叶的工作能力 (刺激/秒):
*Keysers, C., D. K. Xiao, P. Foldiak, and D. I. Perrett. "The speed of sight." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 1 (2001): 90-101.
*Sugase, Y., S. Yamane, S. Ueno, and K. Kawano. "Global and fine information coded by single neurons in the temporal visual cortex." Nature 400, no. 6747 (1999): 869-873.
Foldiak, P., D. Xiao, C. Keysers, R. Edwards, and D. I. Perrett. "Rapid serial visual presentation for the determination of neural selectivity in area STSa." Progress in Brain Research 144 (2004): 107-116.
Eifuku, S., W. C. De Souza, R. Tamura, H. Nishijo, and T. Ono. "Neuronal correlates of face identification in the monkey anterior temporal cortical areas." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 1 (2004): 358-371.
Schmolesky, M. T., Y. Wang, D. P. Hanes, K. G. Thompson, S. Leutgeb, J. D. Schall, and A. G. Leventhal. "Signal timing across the macaque visual system." Journal of Neurophysiology 79 (1998): 3272-3278.
Gawne, T. J., T. W. Kjaer, and B. J. Richmond. "Latency: another potential code for feature binding in striate cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 76 (1996): 1356-1360.
DiCarlo, J. J., and J. H. Maunsell. "Using neuronal latency to determine sensorymotor processing pathways in reaction time tasks." Journal of Neurophysiology. (In press.)
Rolls, E. T., and M. J. Tovee. "Processing speed in the cerebral cortex and the neurophysiology of visual masking." Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 257 (1994): 9-15.
Kovacs, G., R. Vogels, and G. A. Orban. "Cortical correlate of pattern backward masking." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A 92 (1995): 5587-5591.
生理学: 脑电频率反应颞叶结构的相关信息:
*Richmond, B. J., L. M. Optican, M. Podell, and Spitzer H. "Temporal encoding of two-dimensional patterns by single units in primate inferior temporal cortex. I. Response characteristics." Journal of Neurophysiology 57 (1987): 132-146. |
| 5 |
适应效应：功能磁共振成像和神经生理学 |
1) 在何种条件和时间范围内神经反应可以适应视觉表征的客体?
2) 何种机制支持这个适应过程?
3) 对前两个问题的回答如何解释fMRI作为研究客体表征工具的有效性?
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应阅读的参考书目
Kourtzi, Z., and K. Grill-Spector. "fMR-adaptation: a tool for studying visual representations in the primate brain." In Fitting the Mind to the World: Aftereffects in High-Level Vision. Edited by Clifford, and Rhodes. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (In press.)
Ringo, J. L. "Stimulus specific adaptation in inferior temporal and medial temporal cortex of the monkey." Behavioural Brain Research 76 (1996): 191-197.
补充参考读物 (应阅读至少两篇将要展示的论文，这些论文题目前用星号*标示)
行为学:
*Leopold, D. A., A. J. O'Toole, T. Vetter, and V. Blanz. "Prototype-referenced shape encoding revealed by high-level aftereffects." Nature Neuroscience 4, no. 1 (2001): 89-94.
Moradi, F., C. Koch, and S. Shimojo. "Face adaptation depends on seeing the face." Neuron 45, no. 1 (2005): 169-175.
Rhodes, G., L. Jeffery, T. L. Watson, E. Jaquet, C. Winkler, and C. W. Clifford. "Orientation-contingent face aftereffects and implications for face-coding mechanisms." Curr Biol 14, no. 23 (2004): 2119-2123.
Watson, T. L., and C. W. Clifford. "Pulling faces: an investigation of the face-distortion aftereffect." Perception 32, no. 9 (2003): 1109-1116.
生理学:
*Lueschow, A., E. K. Miller, and R. Desimone. "Inferior temporal mechanisms for invariant object recognition." Cereb Cortex 4, no. 5 (1994): 523-531.
*Li, L., E. K. Miller, and R. Desimone. "The representation of stimulus familiarity in anterior inferior temporal cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 6 (1993): 1918-1929.
Kohn, A., and J. A. Movshon. "Adaptation changes the direction tuning of macaque MT neurons." Nature Neuroscience 7, no. 7 (2004): 764-772.
Suzuki, W. "The long and the short of it: Memory signals in the medial temporal lobe." Neuron 24 (1999): 295-298.
Muller, J. R., A. B. Metha, J. Krauskopf, and P. Lennie. "Rapid adaptation in visual cortex to the structure of images." Science 285, no. 5432 (1999): 1405-1408.
功能性磁共振成像:
*Rotshtein, P., R. N. Henson, A. Treves, J. Driver, and R. J. Dolan. "Morphing Marilyn into Maggie dissociates physical and identity face representations in the brain." Nature Neuroscience 8, no. 1 (2005): 107-113.
Winston, J. S., R. N. Henson, M. R. Fine-Goulden, and R. J. Dolan. "fMRI-adaptation reveals dissociable neural representations of identity and expression in face perception." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 3 (2004): 1830-1839.
Henson, R. N., A. Rylands, E. Ross, P. Vuilleumeir, and M. D. Rugg. "The effect of repetition lag on electrophysiological and haemodynamic correlates of visual object priming." Neuroimage 21, no. 4 (2004): 1674-1689.
Boynton, G. M., and E. M. Finney. "Orientation-specific adaptation in human visual cortex." Journal of Neuroscience 23, no. 25 (2003): 8781-8787.
Henson, R., T. Shallice, and R. Dolan. "Neuroimaging evidence for dissociable forms of repetition priming." Science 287, no. 5456 (2000): 1269-1272.
Kourtzi, Z., A. S. Tolias, C. F. Altmann, M. Augath, and N. K. Logothetis. "Integration of local features into global shapes: monkey and human FMRI studies." Neuron 37, no. 2 (2003): 333-346. |
| 6 |
神经元的表征内容：形状、特征、曲度、非偶然的特性, … |
1) 从算法角度而言，何种解说符对客体识别可能有用?
2) 客体形状的哪个方面在腹侧视觉通路进行编码？也就是说，神经元/体素最敏感的是形状的哪个方面?
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应阅读的参考书目
Ullman. "Approaches to Visual Recognition." In Functional Neuroimaging of Visual Cognition. Edited by Kanwisher, and Duncan. A&P XX volume. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN: 0198528450.
Singh, M., and D. D. Hoffman. "Constructing and representing visual objects." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1 (1997): 98-102.
补充参考读物 (应阅读至少两篇将要展示的论文，这些论文题目前用星号*标示)
*Ullman, S., M. Vidal-Naquet, and E. Sali. "Visual features of intermediate complexity and their use in classification." Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002): 682-687.
*Brincat, S. L., and C. E. Connor. "Underlying principles of visual shape selectivity in posterior inferotemporal cortex." Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004): 880-886. (Please include background from Pasupathy and Connor 2001 in your presentation.)
Pasupathy, A., and C. E. Connor. "Shape representation in area V4: positionspecific tuning for boundary conformation." Journal of Neurophysiology 86 (2001): 2505-2519.
Pasupathy, A., and C. E. Connor. "Population coding of shape in area V4." Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002): 1332-1338.
Kayaert, G., I. Biederman, and R. Vogels. "Shape tuning in macaque inferior temporal cortex." Journal of Neuroscience 23 (2003): 3016-3027.
*Sary, G., R. Vogels, G. A. Orban. "Cue-invariant shape selectivity of macaque inferior temporal neurons." Science 260, no. 5110 (1993): 995-997.
Kobatake, E., and K. Tanaka. "Neuronal selectivities to complex object-features in the ventral visual pathway of the macaque cerebral cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 71 (1994): 856-867.
Lerner, Y., T. Hendler, D. Ben-Bashat, M. Harel, and R. Malach. "A hierarchical axis of object processing stages in the human visual cortex." Cereb Cortex 11, no. 4 (2001): 287-297.
*Grill-Spector, K., T. Kushnir, S. Edelman, Y. Itzchak, and R. Malach. "Cue-invariant activation in object-related areas of the human occipital lobe." Neuron 21, no. 1 (1998): 191-202.
Op de Beeck, H., J. Wagemans, and R. Vogels. "Inferotemporal neurons represent low-dimensional configurations of parameterized shapes." Nature Neuroscience 4 (2001): 1244-1252.
Wilkinson, F., T. W. James, H. R. Wilson, J. S. Gati, R. S. Menon, and M. A. Goodale. "An fMRI study of the selective activation of human extrastriate form vision areas by radial and concentric gratings." Curr Biol 10, no. 22 (2000): 1455-1458.
Self, M. W., and S. Zeki. "The Integration of Colour and Motion by the Human Visual Brain." Cereb Cortex (December 22, 2004).
Kourtzi, Z., and N. Kanwisher. "Representation of perceived object shape by the human lateral occipital complex." Science 293, no. 5534 (2001): 1506-1509. |
| 7 |
神经元表征的公差（恒定性）
第一部分：仿射变换：位置和等级 |
1)视网膜成像的哪一部分神经元/体素能够忽略？哪一部分能够无需太过重视，哪一部分又需要重新编码？
2) 具体而言，什么是对客体位置或形状改变的耐受性？位置和性状的信息被抛弃了还是在某种程度上被重新编码了？关于捆绑的问题呢？
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应阅读的参考读物
Ashbridge, E., and D. I. Perrett. "Generalizing across object orientation and size." In Perceptual Constancy. Edited by V. Walsh, and J. Kulikowski. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 192-209. ISBN: 0521460611.
Rolls, E. T. "Functions of the primate temporal lobe cortical visual areas in invariant visual object and face recognition." Neuron 27 (2000): 205-218.
补充参考读物 (应阅读至少两篇将要展示的论文，这些论文题目前用星号*标示)
行为学:
*Nazir, T. A., and J. K. O'Regan. "Some results on translation invariance in the human visual system." Spat Vis 5 (1990): 81-100.
Biederman, I., and E. E. Cooper. "Evidence for complete translational and reflectional invariance in visual object priming." Perception 20 (1991): 585-593.
———. "Size invariance in visual object priming." J Exp Psychol [Hum Percept and Perform] 18 (1992): 121-133.
Dill, M., and M. Fahle. "Limited translation invariance of human pattern recognition." Perception & Psychophysics 60 (1998): 65-81.
一些理论范式:
*Riesenhuber, M., and T. Poggio. "Hierarchical models of object recognition in cortex." Nature Neuroscience 2 (1999): 1019-1025.
Olshausen, B. A., C. H. Anderson, and D. C. Van Essen. "A neurobiological model of visual attention and invariant pattern recognition based on dynamic routing of information." Journal of Neuroscience 13 (1993): 4700-4719.
Salinas, E., and L. F. Abbott. "Invariant visual responses from attentional gain fields." Journal of Neurophysiology 77 (1997): 3267-3272.
生理学:
Logothetis, N. K., J. Pauls, and T. Poggio. "Shape representation in the inferior temporal cortex of monkeys." Curr Biol 5 (1995): 552-563.
Tovée, M. J., E. T. Rolls, and P. Azzopardi. "Translation invariance in the responses to faces of single neurons in the temporal visual cortical areas of the alert monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 72 (1994): 1049-1060.
*Ito, M., H. Tamura, I. Fujita, and K. Tanaka. "Size and position invariance of neuronal responses in monkey inferotemporal cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 73 (1995): 218-226.
DiCarlo, J. J., and J. H. R. Maunsell. "Anterior Inferotemporal Neurons of Monkeys Engaged in Object Recognition Can be Highly Sensitive to Object Retinal Position." Journal of Neurophysiology 89 (2003): 3264-3278.
Op de Beeck, H., and R. Vogels. "Spatial sensitivity of macaque inferior temporal neurons." J Comp Neurol 426 (2000): 505-518.
Gross, C. G., and M. Mishkin. "The neural basis of stimulus equivalence across retinal translation." In Lateralization in the Nervous System. Edited by S. Harnad. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1977, pp. 109-122. ISBN: 0123257506.
Desimone, R., T. D. Albright, C. G. Gross, and C. Bruce. "Stimulus-selective properties of inferior temporal neurons in the macaque." Journal of Neuroscience 4 (1984): 2051-2062.
功能性磁共振成像fMRI:
*Grill-Spector, K., T. Kushnir, S. Edelman, G. Avidan, Y. Itzchak, and R. Malach. "Differential processing of objects under various viewing conditions in the human lateral occipital complex." Neuron 24, no. 1 (1999): 187-203.
Andrews, T. J., and M. P. Ewbank. "Distinct representations for facial identity and changeable aspects of faces in the human temporal lobe." Neuroimage 23, no. 3 (2004): 905-913. |
| 8 |
神经元表征的公差（恒定性）
第二部分：姿势、照明 |
1) 视网膜成像的哪一部分神经元/体素能够忽略？哪一部分能够无需太过重视，哪一部分又需要重新编码？
2) 具体而言，什么是对客体姿势和照明改变的耐受性？
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应阅读的参考读物
Tarr, M. J., and H. H. Bulthoff. "Image-based object recognition in man, monkey and machine." Cognition 67, no. 1-2 (1998): 1-20. (Review.)
Ullman, S., and E. Bart. "Recognition invariance obtained by extended and invariant features." Neural Network 17, no. 5-6 (2004): 833-848.
补充参考读物 (应阅读至少两篇将要展示的论文，这些论文题目前用星号*标示)
行为学:
Simons, D. J., R. F. Wang, and D. Roddenberry. "Object recognition is mediated by extraretinal information." Percept Psychophys 64 (2002): 521-530.
*Sinha, P., and T. Poggio. "Role of learning in three-dimensional form perception." Nature 384 (1996): 460-463.
Kourtzi, Z., and M. Shiffrar. "The visual representation of three-dimensional, rotating objects." Acta Psychol 102, no. 2-3 (1999): 265-292.
生理学:
*Booth, M. C. A., and E. T. Rolls. "View-invariant representations of familiar objects by neurons in the inferior temporal visual cortex." Cerebral Cortex 8 (1998): 510-523.
*Logothetis, N. K., and J. P. Pauls. "Psychophysical and physiological evidence for viewer-centered object representation in the primate." Cerebral Cortex 5 (1995): 270-288.
Wang, G., M. Tanifuji, and K. Tanaka. "Functional architecture in monkey inferotemporal cortex revealed by in vivo optical imaging." Neurosci Res 32 (1998): 33-46.
功能性磁共振成像fMRI:
*James, T. W., G. K. Humphrey, J. S. Gati, R. S. Menon, and M. A. Goodale. "Differential effects of viewpoint on object-driven activation in dorsal and ventral streams." Neuron 35, no. 4 (2002): 793-801.
Epstein, R., S. Higgins, and S. Thompson-Schill. "Learning places from views: Variation in scene processing as a function of experience and navigational ability. JOCN 17, no. 1 (2005): 73-83.
Vuilleumier, P., R. N. Henson, J. Driver, and R. J. Dolan. "Multiple levels of visual object constancy revealed by event-related fMRI of repetition priming." Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002): 491-499. (Rely on adaptation, but we have already covered that.) |
| 9 |
神经元表征的练习/经验效应 |
1) 我们应当将下颞叶位置的神经元表征看作是固定的还是有弹性的？
2) 是什么机制可以让提高我们分辨客体的能力？
3) 在何种情况和时间间隔下会发生行为和神经元表征的改变？
4) 客体表征的不变性是习得的还是自发的？
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应阅读的参考读物
Miyashita, Y. "Inferior temporal cortex: where visual perception meets memory." Ann Rev Neurosci 16 (1993): 245-263.
补充参考读物 (应阅读至少两篇将要展示的论文，这些论文题目前用星号*标示)
算法:
*Wallis, G., and H. Bulthoff. "Learning to recognize objects." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 (1999): 22-31.
Foldiak, P. "Learning invariance from transformation sequences." Neural Comp 3 (1991): 194-200.
Karklin, Y., and M. S. Lewicki. "Learning higher-order structures in natural images." Network 14 (2003): 483-499.
行为学:
*Furmanski, C. S., and S. A. Engel. "Perceptual learning in object recognition: object specificity and size invariance." Vision Research 40, no. 5 (2000): 473-484.
Gold, J., P. J. Bennett, and A. B. Sekuler. "Signal but not noise changes with perceptual learning." Nature 1402, no. 6758 (1999): 176-178.
Ahissar, M., and S. Hochstein. "The reverse hierarchy theory of visual perceptual learning." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8, no. 10 (2004): 457-464.
Fabre-Thorpe, M., A. Delorme, C. Marlot, and S. Thorpe. "A limit to the speed of processing in ultra-rapid visual categorization of novel natural scenes." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 2 (2001): 171-180.
生理学:
Miyashita, Y. "Neuronal correlate of visual associative long-term memory in the primate visual cortex." Nature 335 (1988): 817-820.
Kobatake, E., G. Wang, and K. Tanaka. "Effects of shape-discrimination training on the selectivity of inferotemporal cells in adult monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 80 (1998): 324-330.
*Baker, C. I., M. Behrmann, and C. R. Olson. "Impact of learning on representation of parts and wholes in monkey inferotemporal cortex." Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002): 1210-1216.
Erickson, C. A., B. Jagadeesh, and R. Desimone. "Clustering of perirhinal neurons with similar properties following visual experience in adult monkeys." Nature Neuroscience 3 (2000): 1143-1148.
功能性磁共振成像fMRI论文:
*Op de Beeck, H., C. I. Baker, J. J. DiCarlo, and N. K. Kanwisher. (Submitted)
Janzen, G., and M. van Turennout. "Selective neural representation of objects relevant for navigation." Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004): 673-677.
Furmanski, C. S., D. Schluppeck, and S. A. Engel. "Learning strengthens the response of primary visual cortex to simple patterns." Current Biology 14 (2004): 573-578.
Gauthier, I., P. Skudlarski, J. C. Gore, and A. W. Anderson. "Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition." Nature Neuroscience 3, no. 2 (2000): 191-197.
George, et. al. "Contrast polarity and face recognition in the human fusiform gyrus." Nature Neuroscience 2, no. 6 (1999): 574-804. |
| 10 |
注意与客体识别 |
1) 主体注意或没有注意客体这两种情况下，客体的神经表征有什么不同？
2) 大脑如何处理和表征多个视觉客体？
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应阅读的参考读物
Treisman, A. "Psychological Issues in Selective Attention." In The Cognitive Neurosciences III. Edited by Gazzaniga. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, c2004. ISBN: 0262072548.
Maunsell, J. H. R. "The brain's visual world: representation of visual targets in cerebral cortex." Science 270 (1995): 764-769.
其他评论性文章:
Itti, L., and C. Koch. "Computational modelling of visual attention." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2 (2001): 194-203.
Desimone, R., and J. Duncan. "Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention." Annu Rev Neurosci 18 (1995): 193-222.
Freiwald, W. A., and N. Kanwisher. "Visual Selective Attention: insights from Brain Imaging and Neurophysiology." In The Cognitive Neurosciences III. Edited by Gazzaniga. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, c2004. ISBN: 0262072548.
补充参考读物 (应阅读至少两篇将要展示的论文，这些论文题目前用星号*标示)
生理学:
*Chelazzi, L., E. K. Miller, J. Duncan, and R. Desimone. "A neural basis for visual search in inferior temporal cortex." Nature 363, no. 6427 (1993): 345-347.
*McAdams, C. J., and J. H. Maunsell. "Effects of attention on orientation-tuning functions of single neurons in macaque cortical area V4." Journal of Neuroscience 19 (1999): 431-441.
Motter, B. C. "Neural correlates of attentive s election for color or luminance in extrastriate area V4." Journal of Neuroscience 14 (1994): 2178-2187.
Connor, C. E., D. C. Preddie, J. L. Gallant, and D. C. Van Essen. "Spatial attention effects in macaque area V4." Journal of Neuroscience 17 (1997): 3201-3214.
Maunsell, J. H. R., and E. P. Cook. "The role of attention in visual processing." Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 357 (2002): 1063-1072.
Treisman, A. M., and N. G. Kanwisher. "Perceiving visually presented objects: recognition, awareness, and modularity." Curr Opin Neurobiol 8 (1998): 218-226.
功能性磁共振成像fMRI:
*Murray, S. O., and E. Wojciulik. "Attention increases neural selectivity in the human lateral occipital complex." Nature Neuroscience 7, no. 1 (2004): 70-74.
Ress, D., B. T. Backus, and D. J. Heeger. "Activity in primary visual cortex predicts performance in a visual detection task." Nature Neuroscience 3, no. 9 (2000): 940-945.
*O'Craven, K. M., P. E. Downing, and N. Kanwisher. "fMRI evidence for objects as the units of attentional selection." Nature 401, no. 6753 (1999): 584-587. |
| 11 |
感觉觉察 |
1) 当我们觉察到客体或没有觉察到客体这两种情况下，客体的神经表征有什么不同？
2)什么是在感觉觉察必要的神经表征？比如说自上而下的反馈在感觉觉察中的作用？
3) 什么是感觉觉察的处理结果？
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应阅读的参考读物
Crick, F., and C. Koch. "A framework for consciousness." Nature Neuroscience 6 (2003): 119-126.
Dehaene, S., C. Sergent, and J. P. Changeux. "A neuronal network model linking subjective reports and objective physiological data during conscious perception." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100, no. 14 (2003): 8520-8525.
选读参考读物
Hochstein, S., and M. Ahissar. "View from the top: hierarchies and reverse hierarchies in the visual system." Neuron 36 (2002): 791-804.
Kanwisher, N. "Neural Events and Perceptual Awareness." Cognition 79 (2001): 89-113.
Sewards, T. V., and M. A. Sewards. "On the neural correlates of object recognition awareness: relationship to computational activities and activities mediating perceptual awareness." Conscious Cogn 11 (2002): 51-77.
补充参考读物 (应阅读至少两篇将要展示的论文，这些论文题目前用星号*标示)
生理学:
*Logothetis, N. K., D. A. Leopold, D. L. Sheinberg. "What is rivalling during binocular rivalry?" Nature 380, no. 6575 (1996): 621-624.
*Kreiman, G., I. Fried, and C. Koch. "Single-neuron correlates of subjective vision in the human medial temporal lobe." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99, no. 12 (2002): 8378-8383.
Sheinberg, D. L., N. K. Logothetis. "Noticing familiar objects in real world scenes: the role of temporal cortical neurons in natural vision." Journal of Neuroscience 21, no. 4 (2001): 1340-1350.
功能性磁共振成像fMRI:
*Pasley, B. N., L. C. Mayes, and R. T. Schultz. "Subcortical discrimination of unperceived objects during binocular rivalry." Neuron 42, no. 1 (2004): 163-172.
*Marois, R., D. J. Yi, and M. M. Chun. "The neural fate of consciously perceived and missed events in the attentional blink." Neuron 41 (2004): 465-72.
Dehaene, S., L. Naccache, L. Cohen, D. L. Bihan, J. F. Mangin, J. B. Poline, and D. Riviere. "Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming." Nature Neuroscience 4, no. 7 (2001): 752-758.
Silvanto, J., A. Cowey, N. Lavie, and V. Walsh. "Striate cortex (V1) activity gates awareness of motion." Nature Neuroscience, no. 2 (2005): 143-144.
Pegna, A. J., A. Khateb, F. Lazeyras, and M. L. Seghier. "Discriminating emotional faces without primary visual cortices involves the right amygdala." Nature Neuroscience 8, no. 1 (2005): 24-25. |